Orange Pi5 kernel

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <errno.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <perf/cpumap.h>
#include <perf/evlist.h>
#include <perf/mmap.h>
 
#include "debug.h"
#include "dso.h"
#include "env.h"
#include "parse-events.h"
#include "trace-event.h"
#include "evlist.h"
#include "evsel.h"
#include "thread_map.h"
#include "machine.h"
#include "map.h"
#include "symbol.h"
#include "event.h"
#include "record.h"
#include "util/mmap.h"
#include "util/synthetic-events.h"
#include "thread.h"
 
#include "tests.h"
 
#include <linux/ctype.h>
 
#define BUFSZ	1024
#define READLEN	128
 
struct state {
<------>u64 done[1024];
<------>size_t done_cnt;
};
 
static unsigned int hex(char c)
{
<------>if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
<------><------>return c - '0';
<------>if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
<------><------>return c - 'a' + 10;
<------>return c - 'A' + 10;
}
 
static size_t read_objdump_chunk(const char **line, unsigned char **buf,
<------><------><------><------> size_t *buf_len)
{
<------>size_t bytes_read = 0;
<------>unsigned char *chunk_start = *buf;
 
<------>/* Read bytes */
<------>while (*buf_len > 0) {
<------><------>char c1, c2;
 
<------><------>/* Get 2 hex digits */
<------><------>c1 = *(*line)++;
<------><------>if (!isxdigit(c1))
<------><------><------>break;
<------><------>c2 = *(*line)++;
<------><------>if (!isxdigit(c2))
<------><------><------>break;
 
<------><------>/* Store byte and advance buf */
<------><------>**buf = (hex(c1) << 4) | hex(c2);
<------><------>(*buf)++;
<------><------>(*buf_len)--;
<------><------>bytes_read++;
 
<------><------>/* End of chunk? */
<------><------>if (isspace(**line))
<------><------><------>break;
<------>}
 
<------>/*
<------> * objdump will display raw insn as LE if code endian
<------> * is LE and bytes_per_chunk > 1. In that case reverse
<------> * the chunk we just read.
<------> *
<------> * see disassemble_bytes() at binutils/objdump.c for details
<------> * how objdump chooses display endian)
<------> */
<------>if (bytes_read > 1 && !bigendian()) {
<------><------>unsigned char *chunk_end = chunk_start + bytes_read - 1;
<------><------>unsigned char tmp;
 
<------><------>while (chunk_start < chunk_end) {
<------><------><------>tmp = *chunk_start;
<------><------><------>*chunk_start = *chunk_end;
<------><------><------>*chunk_end = tmp;
<------><------><------>chunk_start++;
<------><------><------>chunk_end--;
<------><------>}
<------>}
 
<------>return bytes_read;
}
 
static size_t read_objdump_line(const char *line, unsigned char *buf,
<------><------><------><------>size_t buf_len)
{
<------>const char *p;
<------>size_t ret, bytes_read = 0;
 
<------>/* Skip to a colon */
<------>p = strchr(line, ':');
<------>if (!p)
<------><------>return 0;
<------>p++;
 
<------>/* Skip initial spaces */
<------>while (*p) {
<------><------>if (!isspace(*p))
<------><------><------>break;
<------><------>p++;
<------>}
 
<------>do {
<------><------>ret = read_objdump_chunk(&p, &buf, &buf_len);
<------><------>bytes_read += ret;
<------><------>p++;
<------>} while (ret > 0);
 
<------>/* return number of successfully read bytes */
<------>return bytes_read;
}
 
static int read_objdump_output(FILE *f, void *buf, size_t *len, u64 start_addr)
{
<------>char *line = NULL;
<------>size_t line_len, off_last = 0;
<------>ssize_t ret;
<------>int err = 0;
<------>u64 addr, last_addr = start_addr;
 
<------>while (off_last < *len) {
<------><------>size_t off, read_bytes, written_bytes;
<------><------>unsigned char tmp[BUFSZ];
 
<------><------>ret = getline(&line, &line_len, f);
<------><------>if (feof(f))
<------><------><------>break;
<------><------>if (ret < 0) {
<------><------><------>pr_debug("getline failed\n");
<------><------><------>err = -1;
<------><------><------>break;
<------><------>}
 
<------><------>/* read objdump data into temporary buffer */
<------><------>read_bytes = read_objdump_line(line, tmp, sizeof(tmp));
<------><------>if (!read_bytes)
<------><------><------>continue;
 
<------><------>if (sscanf(line, "%"PRIx64, &addr) != 1)
<------><------><------>continue;
<------><------>if (addr < last_addr) {
<------><------><------>pr_debug("addr going backwards, read beyond section?\n");
<------><------><------>break;
<------><------>}
<------><------>last_addr = addr;
 
<------><------>/* copy it from temporary buffer to 'buf' according
<------><------> * to address on current objdump line */
<------><------>off = addr - start_addr;
<------><------>if (off >= *len)
<------><------><------>break;
<------><------>written_bytes = MIN(read_bytes, *len - off);
<------><------>memcpy(buf + off, tmp, written_bytes);
<------><------>off_last = off + written_bytes;
<------>}
 
<------>/* len returns number of bytes that could not be read */
<------>*len -= off_last;
 
<------>free(line);
 
<------>return err;
}
 
static int read_via_objdump(const char *filename, u64 addr, void *buf,
<------><------><------>    size_t len)
{
<------>char cmd[PATH_MAX * 2];
<------>const char *fmt;
<------>FILE *f;
<------>int ret;
 
<------>fmt = "%s -z -d --start-address=0x%"PRIx64" --stop-address=0x%"PRIx64" %s";
<------>ret = snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd), fmt, "objdump", addr, addr + len,
<------><------>       filename);
<------>if (ret <= 0 || (size_t)ret >= sizeof(cmd))
<------><------>return -1;
 
<------>pr_debug("Objdump command is: %s\n", cmd);
 
<------>/* Ignore objdump errors */
<------>strcat(cmd, " 2>/dev/null");
 
<------>f = popen(cmd, "r");
<------>if (!f) {
<------><------>pr_debug("popen failed\n");
<------><------>return -1;
<------>}
 
<------>ret = read_objdump_output(f, buf, &len, addr);
<------>if (len) {
<------><------>pr_debug("objdump read too few bytes: %zd\n", len);
<------><------>if (!ret)
<------><------><------>ret = len;
<------>}
 
<------>pclose(f);
 
<------>return ret;
}
 
static void dump_buf(unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
{
<------>size_t i;
 
<------>for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
<------><------>pr_debug("0x%02x ", buf[i]);
<------><------>if (i % 16 == 15)
<------><------><------>pr_debug("\n");
<------>}
<------>pr_debug("\n");
}
 
static int read_object_code(u64 addr, size_t len, u8 cpumode,
<------><------><------>    struct thread *thread, struct state *state)
{
<------>struct addr_location al;
<------>unsigned char buf1[BUFSZ];
<------>unsigned char buf2[BUFSZ];
<------>size_t ret_len;
<------>u64 objdump_addr;
<------>const char *objdump_name;
<------>char decomp_name[KMOD_DECOMP_LEN];
<------>bool decomp = false;
<------>int ret;
 
<------>pr_debug("Reading object code for memory address: %#"PRIx64"\n", addr);
 
<------>if (!thread__find_map(thread, cpumode, addr, &al) || !al.map->dso) {
<------><------>if (cpumode == PERF_RECORD_MISC_HYPERVISOR) {
<------><------><------>pr_debug("Hypervisor address can not be resolved - skipping\n");
<------><------><------>return 0;
<------><------>}
 
<------><------>pr_debug("thread__find_map failed\n");
<------><------>return -1;
<------>}
 
<------>pr_debug("File is: %s\n", al.map->dso->long_name);
 
<------>if (al.map->dso->symtab_type == DSO_BINARY_TYPE__KALLSYMS &&
<------>    !dso__is_kcore(al.map->dso)) {
<------><------>pr_debug("Unexpected kernel address - skipping\n");
<------><------>return 0;
<------>}
 
<------>pr_debug("On file address is: %#"PRIx64"\n", al.addr);
 
<------>if (len > BUFSZ)
<------><------>len = BUFSZ;
 
<------>/* Do not go off the map */
<------>if (addr + len > al.map->end)
<------><------>len = al.map->end - addr;
 
<------>/* Read the object code using perf */
<------>ret_len = dso__data_read_offset(al.map->dso, thread->maps->machine,
<------><------><------><------><------>al.addr, buf1, len);
<------>if (ret_len != len) {
<------><------>pr_debug("dso__data_read_offset failed\n");
<------><------>return -1;
<------>}
 
<------>/*
<------> * Converting addresses for use by objdump requires more information.
<------> * map__load() does that.  See map__rip_2objdump() for details.
<------> */
<------>if (map__load(al.map))
<------><------>return -1;
 
<------>/* objdump struggles with kcore - try each map only once */
<------>if (dso__is_kcore(al.map->dso)) {
<------><------>size_t d;
 
<------><------>for (d = 0; d < state->done_cnt; d++) {
<------><------><------>if (state->done[d] == al.map->start) {
<------><------><------><------>pr_debug("kcore map tested already");
<------><------><------><------>pr_debug(" - skipping\n");
<------><------><------><------>return 0;
<------><------><------>}
<------><------>}
<------><------>if (state->done_cnt >= ARRAY_SIZE(state->done)) {
<------><------><------>pr_debug("Too many kcore maps - skipping\n");
<------><------><------>return 0;
<------><------>}
<------><------>state->done[state->done_cnt++] = al.map->start;
<------>}
 
<------>objdump_name = al.map->dso->long_name;
<------>if (dso__needs_decompress(al.map->dso)) {
<------><------>if (dso__decompress_kmodule_path(al.map->dso, objdump_name,
<------><------><------><------><------><------> decomp_name,
<------><------><------><------><------><------> sizeof(decomp_name)) < 0) {
<------><------><------>pr_debug("decompression failed\n");
<------><------><------>return -1;
<------><------>}
 
<------><------>decomp = true;
<------><------>objdump_name = decomp_name;
<------>}
 
<------>/* Read the object code using objdump */
<------>objdump_addr = map__rip_2objdump(al.map, al.addr);
<------>ret = read_via_objdump(objdump_name, objdump_addr, buf2, len);
 
<------>if (decomp)
<------><------>unlink(objdump_name);
 
<------>if (ret > 0) {
<------><------>/*
<------><------> * The kernel maps are inaccurate - assume objdump is right in
<------><------> * that case.
<------><------> */
<------><------>if (cpumode == PERF_RECORD_MISC_KERNEL ||
<------><------>    cpumode == PERF_RECORD_MISC_GUEST_KERNEL) {
<------><------><------>len -= ret;
<------><------><------>if (len) {
<------><------><------><------>pr_debug("Reducing len to %zu\n", len);
<------><------><------>} else if (dso__is_kcore(al.map->dso)) {
<------><------><------><------>/*
<------><------><------><------> * objdump cannot handle very large segments
<------><------><------><------> * that may be found in kcore.
<------><------><------><------> */
<------><------><------><------>pr_debug("objdump failed for kcore");
<------><------><------><------>pr_debug(" - skipping\n");
<------><------><------><------>return 0;
<------><------><------>} else {
<------><------><------><------>return -1;
<------><------><------>}
<------><------>}
<------>}
<------>if (ret < 0) {
<------><------>pr_debug("read_via_objdump failed\n");
<------><------>return -1;
<------>}
 
<------>/* The results should be identical */
<------>if (memcmp(buf1, buf2, len)) {
<------><------>pr_debug("Bytes read differ from those read by objdump\n");
<------><------>pr_debug("buf1 (dso):\n");
<------><------>dump_buf(buf1, len);
<------><------>pr_debug("buf2 (objdump):\n");
<------><------>dump_buf(buf2, len);
<------><------>return -1;
<------>}
<------>pr_debug("Bytes read match those read by objdump\n");
 
<------>return 0;
}
 
static int process_sample_event(struct machine *machine,
<------><------><------><------>struct evlist *evlist,
<------><------><------><------>union perf_event *event, struct state *state)
{
<------>struct perf_sample sample;
<------>struct thread *thread;
<------>int ret;
 
<------>if (perf_evlist__parse_sample(evlist, event, &sample)) {
<------><------>pr_debug("perf_evlist__parse_sample failed\n");
<------><------>return -1;
<------>}
 
<------>thread = machine__findnew_thread(machine, sample.pid, sample.tid);
<------>if (!thread) {
<------><------>pr_debug("machine__findnew_thread failed\n");
<------><------>return -1;
<------>}
 
<------>ret = read_object_code(sample.ip, READLEN, sample.cpumode, thread, state);
<------>thread__put(thread);
<------>return ret;
}
 
static int process_event(struct machine *machine, struct evlist *evlist,
<------><------><------> union perf_event *event, struct state *state)
{
<------>if (event->header.type == PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE)
<------><------>return process_sample_event(machine, evlist, event, state);
 
<------>if (event->header.type == PERF_RECORD_THROTTLE ||
<------>    event->header.type == PERF_RECORD_UNTHROTTLE)
<------><------>return 0;
 
<------>if (event->header.type < PERF_RECORD_MAX) {
<------><------>int ret;
 
<------><------>ret = machine__process_event(machine, event, NULL);
<------><------>if (ret < 0)
<------><------><------>pr_debug("machine__process_event failed, event type %u\n",
<------><------><------><------> event->header.type);
<------><------>return ret;
<------>}
 
<------>return 0;
}
 
static int process_events(struct machine *machine, struct evlist *evlist,
<------><------><------>  struct state *state)
{
<------>union perf_event *event;
<------>struct mmap *md;
<------>int i, ret;
 
<------>for (i = 0; i < evlist->core.nr_mmaps; i++) {
<------><------>md = &evlist->mmap[i];
<------><------>if (perf_mmap__read_init(&md->core) < 0)
<------><------><------>continue;
 
<------><------>while ((event = perf_mmap__read_event(&md->core)) != NULL) {
<------><------><------>ret = process_event(machine, evlist, event, state);
<------><------><------>perf_mmap__consume(&md->core);
<------><------><------>if (ret < 0)
<------><------><------><------>return ret;
<------><------>}
<------><------>perf_mmap__read_done(&md->core);
<------>}
<------>return 0;
}
 
static int comp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
<------>return *(int *)a - *(int *)b;
}
 
static void do_sort_something(void)
{
<------>int buf[40960], i;
 
<------>for (i = 0; i < (int)ARRAY_SIZE(buf); i++)
<------><------>buf[i] = ARRAY_SIZE(buf) - i - 1;
 
<------>qsort(buf, ARRAY_SIZE(buf), sizeof(int), comp);
 
<------>for (i = 0; i < (int)ARRAY_SIZE(buf); i++) {
<------><------>if (buf[i] != i) {
<------><------><------>pr_debug("qsort failed\n");
<------><------><------>break;
<------><------>}
<------>}
}
 
static void sort_something(void)
{
<------>int i;
 
<------>for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
<------><------>do_sort_something();
}
 
static void syscall_something(void)
{
<------>int pipefd[2];
<------>int i;
 
<------>for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
<------><------>if (pipe(pipefd) < 0) {
<------><------><------>pr_debug("pipe failed\n");
<------><------><------>break;
<------><------>}
<------><------>close(pipefd[1]);
<------><------>close(pipefd[0]);
<------>}
}
 
static void fs_something(void)
{
<------>const char *test_file_name = "temp-perf-code-reading-test-file--";
<------>FILE *f;
<------>int i;
 
<------>for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
<------><------>f = fopen(test_file_name, "w+");
<------><------>if (f) {
<------><------><------>fclose(f);
<------><------><------>unlink(test_file_name);
<------><------>}
<------>}
}
 
#ifdef __s390x__
#include "header.h" // for get_cpuid()
#endif
 
static const char *do_determine_event(bool excl_kernel)
{
<------>const char *event = excl_kernel ? "cycles:u" : "cycles";
 
#ifdef __s390x__
<------>char cpuid[128], model[16], model_c[16], cpum_cf_v[16];
<------>unsigned int family;
<------>int ret, cpum_cf_a;
 
<------>if (get_cpuid(cpuid, sizeof(cpuid)))
<------><------>goto out_clocks;
<------>ret = sscanf(cpuid, "%*[^,],%u,%[^,],%[^,],%[^,],%x", &family, model_c,
<------><------>     model, cpum_cf_v, &cpum_cf_a);
<------>if (ret != 5)		 /* Not available */
<------><------>goto out_clocks;
<------>if (excl_kernel && (cpum_cf_a & 4))
<------><------>return event;
<------>if (!excl_kernel && (cpum_cf_a & 2))
<------><------>return event;
 
<------>/* Fall through: missing authorization */
out_clocks:
<------>event = excl_kernel ? "cpu-clock:u" : "cpu-clock";
 
#endif
<------>return event;
}
 
static void do_something(void)
{
<------>fs_something();
 
<------>sort_something();
 
<------>syscall_something();
}
 
enum {
<------>TEST_CODE_READING_OK,
<------>TEST_CODE_READING_NO_VMLINUX,
<------>TEST_CODE_READING_NO_KCORE,
<------>TEST_CODE_READING_NO_ACCESS,
<------>TEST_CODE_READING_NO_KERNEL_OBJ,
};
 
static int do_test_code_reading(bool try_kcore)
{
<------>struct machine *machine;
<------>struct thread *thread;
<------>struct record_opts opts = {
<------><------>.mmap_pages	     = UINT_MAX,
<------><------>.user_freq	     = UINT_MAX,
<------><------>.user_interval	     = ULLONG_MAX,
<------><------>.freq		     = 500,
<------><------>.target		     = {
<------><------><------>.uses_mmap   = true,
<------><------>},
<------>};
<------>struct state state = {
<------><------>.done_cnt = 0,
<------>};
<------>struct perf_thread_map *threads = NULL;
<------>struct perf_cpu_map *cpus = NULL;
<------>struct evlist *evlist = NULL;
<------>struct evsel *evsel = NULL;
<------>int err = -1, ret;
<------>pid_t pid;
<------>struct map *map;
<------>bool have_vmlinux, have_kcore, excl_kernel = false;
 
<------>pid = getpid();
 
<------>machine = machine__new_host();
<------>machine->env = &perf_env;
 
<------>ret = machine__create_kernel_maps(machine);
<------>if (ret < 0) {
<------><------>pr_debug("machine__create_kernel_maps failed\n");
<------><------>goto out_err;
<------>}
 
<------>/* Force the use of kallsyms instead of vmlinux to try kcore */
<------>if (try_kcore)
<------><------>symbol_conf.kallsyms_name = "/proc/kallsyms";
 
<------>/* Load kernel map */
<------>map = machine__kernel_map(machine);
<------>ret = map__load(map);
<------>if (ret < 0) {
<------><------>pr_debug("map__load failed\n");
<------><------>goto out_err;
<------>}
<------>have_vmlinux = dso__is_vmlinux(map->dso);
<------>have_kcore = dso__is_kcore(map->dso);
 
<------>/* 2nd time through we just try kcore */
<------>if (try_kcore && !have_kcore)
<------><------>return TEST_CODE_READING_NO_KCORE;
 
<------>/* No point getting kernel events if there is no kernel object */
<------>if (!have_vmlinux && !have_kcore)
<------><------>excl_kernel = true;
 
<------>threads = thread_map__new_by_tid(pid);
<------>if (!threads) {
<------><------>pr_debug("thread_map__new_by_tid failed\n");
<------><------>goto out_err;
<------>}
 
<------>ret = perf_event__synthesize_thread_map(NULL, threads,
<------><------><------><------><------><------>perf_event__process, machine, false);
<------>if (ret < 0) {
<------><------>pr_debug("perf_event__synthesize_thread_map failed\n");
<------><------>goto out_err;
<------>}
 
<------>thread = machine__findnew_thread(machine, pid, pid);
<------>if (!thread) {
<------><------>pr_debug("machine__findnew_thread failed\n");
<------><------>goto out_put;
<------>}
 
<------>cpus = perf_cpu_map__new(NULL);
<------>if (!cpus) {
<------><------>pr_debug("perf_cpu_map__new failed\n");
<------><------>goto out_put;
<------>}
 
<------>while (1) {
<------><------>const char *str;
 
<------><------>evlist = evlist__new();
<------><------>if (!evlist) {
<------><------><------>pr_debug("perf_evlist__new failed\n");
<------><------><------>goto out_put;
<------><------>}
 
<------><------>perf_evlist__set_maps(&evlist->core, cpus, threads);
 
<------><------>str = do_determine_event(excl_kernel);
<------><------>pr_debug("Parsing event '%s'\n", str);
<------><------>ret = parse_events(evlist, str, NULL);
<------><------>if (ret < 0) {
<------><------><------>pr_debug("parse_events failed\n");
<------><------><------>goto out_put;
<------><------>}
 
<------><------>perf_evlist__config(evlist, &opts, NULL);
 
<------><------>evsel = evlist__first(evlist);
 
<------><------>evsel->core.attr.comm = 1;
<------><------>evsel->core.attr.disabled = 1;
<------><------>evsel->core.attr.enable_on_exec = 0;
 
<------><------>ret = evlist__open(evlist);
<------><------>if (ret < 0) {
<------><------><------>if (!excl_kernel) {
<------><------><------><------>excl_kernel = true;
<------><------><------><------>/*
<------><------><------><------> * Both cpus and threads are now owned by evlist
<------><------><------><------> * and will be freed by following perf_evlist__set_maps
<------><------><------><------> * call. Getting refference to keep them alive.
<------><------><------><------> */
<------><------><------><------>perf_cpu_map__get(cpus);
<------><------><------><------>perf_thread_map__get(threads);
<------><------><------><------>perf_evlist__set_maps(&evlist->core, NULL, NULL);
<------><------><------><------>evlist__delete(evlist);
<------><------><------><------>evlist = NULL;
<------><------><------><------>continue;
<------><------><------>}
 
<------><------><------>if (verbose > 0) {
<------><------><------><------>char errbuf[512];
<------><------><------><------>evlist__strerror_open(evlist, errno, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
<------><------><------><------>pr_debug("perf_evlist__open() failed!\n%s\n", errbuf);
<------><------><------>}
 
<------><------><------>goto out_put;
<------><------>}
<------><------>break;
<------>}
 
<------>ret = evlist__mmap(evlist, UINT_MAX);
<------>if (ret < 0) {
<------><------>pr_debug("evlist__mmap failed\n");
<------><------>goto out_put;
<------>}
 
<------>evlist__enable(evlist);
 
<------>do_something();
 
<------>evlist__disable(evlist);
 
<------>ret = process_events(machine, evlist, &state);
<------>if (ret < 0)
<------><------>goto out_put;
 
<------>if (!have_vmlinux && !have_kcore && !try_kcore)
<------><------>err = TEST_CODE_READING_NO_KERNEL_OBJ;
<------>else if (!have_vmlinux && !try_kcore)
<------><------>err = TEST_CODE_READING_NO_VMLINUX;
<------>else if (excl_kernel)
<------><------>err = TEST_CODE_READING_NO_ACCESS;
<------>else
<------><------>err = TEST_CODE_READING_OK;
out_put:
<------>thread__put(thread);
out_err:
 
<------>if (evlist) {
<------><------>evlist__delete(evlist);
<------>} else {
<------><------>perf_cpu_map__put(cpus);
<------><------>perf_thread_map__put(threads);
<------>}
<------>machine__delete_threads(machine);
<------>machine__delete(machine);
 
<------>return err;
}
 
int test__code_reading(struct test *test __maybe_unused, int subtest __maybe_unused)
{
<------>int ret;
 
<------>ret = do_test_code_reading(false);
<------>if (!ret)
<------><------>ret = do_test_code_reading(true);
 
<------>switch (ret) {
<------>case TEST_CODE_READING_OK:
<------><------>return 0;
<------>case TEST_CODE_READING_NO_VMLINUX:
<------><------>pr_debug("no vmlinux\n");
<------><------>return 0;
<------>case TEST_CODE_READING_NO_KCORE:
<------><------>pr_debug("no kcore\n");
<------><------>return 0;
<------>case TEST_CODE_READING_NO_ACCESS:
<------><------>pr_debug("no access\n");
<------><------>return 0;
<------>case TEST_CODE_READING_NO_KERNEL_OBJ:
<------><------>pr_debug("no kernel obj\n");
<------><------>return 0;
<------>default:
<------><------>return -1;
<------>};
}